为提高群众的英文水平，包括我我方。特殊开设心理学著述英汉对照阅读栏目。条款：1、有一订价值的心理学或联系英文著述，专科著述或者科普著述均可，科普著述条款具有较高的学术水准。2、可以自译——如果对我方的英文水平够自信的话，也可以转贴译文。均条款译为贴切，准确。3、著述写稿年代不限。4、如果是论文摘抄请不要贴在此处。5、如果我认为著述有质料或其他方面的问题，我将PM见告后删贴或剪辑之。加分原则：1、一般的转贴不予加分。2、如果转贴著述确属极品，且有一定的挑剔，探究加1分。3、自行翻译的著述，译文可以的酌情加分。The Formula for Happiness 幸福方程式A pair of British researchers said Monday they had worked out a simple equation to quantify happiness that could put an exact figure on the emotional state.两名英国科学家1月6日文牍他们发现了一个量化幸福的方程式， 可以用具体的数值来刻画情怀的状态。After interviewing 1000 people， the researchers -- a psychologist and a self-styled "life coach" -- concluded that happiness equals P + 5E + 3H.在对1000名男女作了追踪讨论后，科学家推导出了幸福方程式：幸福=P+5E+3H。n the equation， P stands for Personal Characteristics (outlook on life， adaptability and resilience); E for Existence (health， friendships and financial stability) and H represents Higher Order (self-esteem， expectations and ambitions).其中P代表个东说念主性格（包括东说念主生不雅、安妥力和哑忍力）；E代表生涯需求（包括健康、友谊和财富），而H则默示高档心理需求（包括自爱、自我期许和抱负）。The scientists asked interviewees -- a mix of men and women all over 18 years old -- to choose five scenarios that made them more happy or less happy from a list of 80 different situations. They also asked a series of questions about their own natures， outlooks and situations.心理学家让实验东说念主群--18岁以上的1000名男女--从80个不同的情境中挑出5个让他们以为幸福或不幸福的要素，还辞别就他们的性格、抱负等问题进行了盘考。Not surprisingly， the results showed that men and women found happiness in different ways.不出意象，扫尾露馅男性和女性的幸福不雅大相径庭。Sunny weather， being with family and losing weight were more of an influence on women's happiness， while romance， sex， hobbies and victories by their favorite sports teams were more important to men.对女性来说，晴朗的天气、甘好意思的家庭时光、减肥到手都是幸福的源头。而男性则更垂青罗曼蒂克的爱情、性、风趣爱好和中意球队的到手。The study was commissioned by a holiday company that wanted to understand what made people happier.这一造访是由一家英国沐日公司请托进行的。该公司想要了解如何让东说念主们更有幸福感。中国日报网站译Mirror， mirror， on the wall， who's the ugliest of us all?镜子啊镜子，墙上的镜子，谁是咱们当中最丑的一个？Wall-to-wall mirrors in gyms and dance studios might stop women getting the exercise they need because women who work out in front of a mirror get discouraged and feel tired， Canadian researchers said.健身房和跳舞房内四周的镜子可能会妨碍妇女们得到她们所需要的闇练，因为当她们靠近镜子闇练身体时，会感到无精打彩，元气心灵零落。这是加拿大讨论东说念主员作出的论断。The study， published in the journal Health Psychology， focused on young women who exercised less than 15 minutes a week. It found that， regardless of how they viewed their bodies， women who worked out in front of a mirror felt worse， or no better， and less at peace after 20 minutes of activity.该论文发表在《健康心理学》杂志上，主要讨论对象是每周闇练时候不及15分钟的妇女。经讨论发现，无论她们如何看待我方的体形，在镜子前进行闇练的妇女会嗅觉更糟或者不好，闇练20分钟事后，她们就嗅觉不那么相安无事。"The mirrors make women more self-aware， they think of their shortcomings. Things like: 'I look fat， I should be more active'，" said Kathleen Martin Ginis， lead author of the study， and a professor at McMaster University in Hamilton， Ontario.该论文的主要作家凯瑟琳·马丁·吉尼说：“镜子使女东说念主更有心中非常，让她们想起我方的迂回，比如'我看上去很胖，我应该多畅通'。当妇女变得愈加内省的时候，她们可能会很缺憾地认为‘我莫得那么好’。” 马丁·吉尼是安大略州汉弥顿市麦克马司特大学的教师。摘自中国日报New study shows happiness fights the common cold新讨论标明：快乐是战胜伤风的法宝Don't worry， be happy and， according to new research， you will also be healthy.根据新的讨论扫尾露馅，如果你心情忻悦、沾沾骄矜，你就会身体健康。It is estimated that over the course of one year， Americans suffer 1 billion colds. But new research shows that all it may take to avoid this common affliction is a positive and upbeat attitude.据算计，好意思国一年中有十亿东说念主患伤风。而新的讨论标明只消有积极乐不雅的立场，就可以避免这一常见的疾病。People who are energetic， happy and relaxed are less likely to catch a cold than those who are depressed， nervous or angry， finds a new study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine.《心理医学》杂志发表的一项新的讨论标明：精神奕奕、快乐松驰的东说念主和颓败、病笃、易怒的东说念主比较隐敝易得伤风。Healthy volunteers first underwent an emotional assessment in which they were asked to rate their tendency to experience positive and negative emotions - how often they felt pleased， relaxed， happy， or anxious， depressed and hostile. The subjects were next given a squirt up the nose of a rhinovirus， the nasty little germ that causes colds.身体健康的志愿者们领先接受了一次心情测试，来测定他们的心情是趋向于积极的如故没趣的，也即是他们感到欢娱、称心、快乐或是胆怯、颓败、气忿的频率。接着志愿者的鼻子上方被喷射一种能够引起伤风的可恶的细微细菌-----鼻病毒。Researchers then watched the volunteers to see who came down with a cold and waited to see how the unlucky ill manifested their cold symptoms.然后讨论者们不雅察那些志愿者，看谁先感染上伤风，并等着看那些不幸患病的东说念主阐述何种伤风症状。Researchers then watched the volunteers to see who came down with a cold and waited to see how the unlucky ill manifested their cold symptoms.然后讨论者们不雅察那些志愿者，看谁先感染上伤风，并等着看那些不幸患病的东说念主阐述何种伤风症状。"We found that people who regularly experience positive emotions， when exposed to rhinovirus， are relatively protected from developing illness，" said Dr. Sheldon Cohen， lead author of the study and a psychology professor at Carnegie Mellon University.该讨论的主要带领者、卡内基梅隆大学的心理学教师谢尔登·科恩博士说："咱们发现心情一贯积极乐不雅的东说念主遭受鼻病毒侵袭时，相对来说不太容易感染疾病。"Although positive people showed a greater resistance to colds， negative people did not necessarily get sick more often."心情越乐不雅，伤风的几率就越低，但是没趣的心情并不会对是否伤风产生影响。"科恩说。Although positive people showed a greater resistance to colds， negative people did not necessarily get sick more often.尽管积极的东说念主对伤风阐述出较强的抵御力，没趣的东说念主也不一定更容易日常伤风。"Increases in positive emotional styles were linked with decreases in the rate of clinical colds， but a negative emotional style had no effect on whether or not people got sick，" Cohen said.So how can your emotions influence your health? In simple terms， when the brain is "happy" it sends messages to our organs that help keep the body healthy and sound."It's like a drug that is released by your state of mind and simply changing the state of mind can produce effects on the rest of the body through the nervous system and hormones，" said Dr. Neil Shulman， associate professor of medicine at Emory University School of Medicine and author of Doc Hollywood. "Your chance of developing the common cold， pneumonia， or even cancer may very well be decreased by keeping your brain in a healthy state."In addition， happy and relaxed people are prone to better health practices than their negative and stressed counterparts. They are more likely to get plenty of sleep and to engage in regular exercise， and have been shown to have lower levels of certain stress hormones.Shulman says the study shows there are some simple things you can do to improve your chances of staying healthy."The take-home message is that we have very healthy ways that we can improve our overall well-being that don't cost money and that don't require a wait in the doctor's office，" he said."心情越乐不雅，伤风的几率就越低，但是没趣的心情并不会对是否伤风产生影响。"科恩说。那么心情到底是若何影响你的健康的呢？毛糙的说，当大脑"松驰忻悦"的时候，它会向各个器官发出有助于保持身体健康的信号。"这就像是你的心情开释的一种止痛药，只消改革心情就可以通过神经系统和激素对身体的其他部分产生影响，" 埃莫里大学医学院的医学副教师、影片《好莱坞大夫》的作家尼尔·舒尔曼博士说，"保持健康的心情可以灵验地镌汰伤风、肺炎以致癌症发生的可能性。"另外，心情松驰忻悦的东说念主频频比没趣病笃的东说念主有更好的保健民风。他们更容易有充足的寝息，进行有规则的身体闇练，而且他们体内某种病笃激素的含量较低。舒尔曼说讨论露馅你可以通过作念一些毛糙的事情来保持身体健康。他说："咱们的建议是通过健康的方法来改善通盘健康情景，这不需要费钱也不需要在大夫的办公室前恭候。"摘自中国日报网站情怀日志帮你疗伤 Pouring your emotions out on paper could help wounds heal quicker， researchers say. It is thought that writing about troubling experiences helps people deal with them. This could then help the immune system work more effectively， researchers told the British Psychological Society conference in Stoke-on-Trent. They say their findings offer a cheap and easy to administer way of helping patients heal faster. In the study， which involved 36 people， half were asked to write about the most upsetting experience they had had， spelling out how they had felt. The rest of the study participants wrote about trivial things， such as how they spent their free time. Both groups spent 20 minutes a day for three days writing. Following the writing exercise， researchers created a small skin puncture on the participants' upper arms. The wounds were examined two weeks later. It was found that the group who had written about their emotional experiences had smaller wounds， meaning they had healed more quickly. Those whose wounds were healing more slowly were found to have higher levels of stress and psychological distress. Suzanne Scott， from the Unit of Psychology at King's College London， who led the research， said: "These findings have implications for the development of relatively brief and easy interventions that could have beneficial effects on wound healing. "The theory is that there's a long-term health benefit. She added: "It's easy to administer because the people don't need to have gone through some awful experience， they just need to write about their most upsetting experience." Psychologists say stress also influences how people recover from surgery. Professor John Weinman of King's College London told the BPS conference: "These research findings can help patients and will be important for developing interventions for patients undergoing different types of surgery." (Agencies)讨论者们说，将情怀倾注于纸端，你的伤口会愈合得更快。据说，把麻烦的资格写出来能够匡助东说念主们科罚问题。讨论者们在斯托康川特举行的英国心理学会大会上提议，这么作念能够提高免疫系统的工作效率。他们说他们的发现提供了一种既省钱又浅易的方法来匡助病东说念主提早康复。有36东说念主参加了该项讨论，一半的东说念主按条款记载下他们最不喜跃的资格，并翔实文告他们的感受。其余的东说念主则记载一些不首要的事，举例他们如何渡过清闲时候之类的。这两组东说念主每天花20分钟时候来记载，这么连气儿作念了三天。写稿熟识之后，讨论者们在参加者的上臂作念一个小的皮肤穿刺。两周以后，再一次搜检伤口。扫尾发现记载我方心情变化的那组成员伤口更小，这就意味着他们康复得更快。那些伤口愈合较慢的东说念主扫尾有很大的心理压力，精神高度病笃。伦敦国王大学心理学院的苏珊·斯科特是这次讨论的带头东说念主。她说：“这些发现意味着一些比较毛糙易行的干扰就会有助于伤口愈合。”"旨趣即是这么作念身体会经久受益。她还补充说：“这种方法很容易掌执，因为东说念主们不一定非要资格可怕的事，他们只需要写下令我方最苦恼的资格就可以了。”心理学家们说精神病笃也会影响手术后的康复。伦敦国王大学的约翰·温曼教师在这次大会上说：“这些讨论扫尾会对病东说念主有所匡助，而况对于探索干扰诊治千般手术病东说念主的办法亦然很首要的。”ZTScientists Say They ID Depression Gene 锁定躁郁症真凶 原是基因在作祟 Scientists say they've identified a flawed gene that appears to promote manic-depression， or bipolar disorder， a finding that could eventually help guide scientists to new treatments. A particular variant of the gene was associated with only about 3 percent of cases in a study， but researchers said other variants might be involved with more. Follow-up research might help reveal the mysterious underlying biology that makes some people susceptible to the disorder， and so help scientists devise new treatments， said the study's senior author， Dr. John Kelsoe of the University of California， San Diego. The work is reported in Monday's issue of the journal Molecular Psychiatry. Previous studies have suggested that other genes are involved in manic-depression. But one expert， Dr. Melvin McInnis of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore， said in an interview that he thinks Kelsoe's new work and another recent study provide the strongest evidence for involvement of particular genes in the disease. Manic-depression， which affects about 2.3 million American adults， involves episodes of depression and mania， states of abnormally high mood or irritability. While effective treatment is available， scientists would like to find better medications. Genetics clearly play a role. Kelsoe's work focused on a gene called GRK3， which influences the brain's sensitivity to chemical messages brain cells send each other. Defects in the gene might promote manic-depression by making people oversensitive to these messages， which are carried by dopamine and other substances， he said. Kelsoe and colleagues found statistical evidence tying a particular variant of the GRK3 gene to the disease. They tracked the inheritance of this variant from parent to child in families with a history of bipolar disorder. Overall， the variant was passed along more often than one would expect by chance to a child who later developed the disease. That suggests the variant promotes susceptibility to bipolar disorder. The association between the variant gene and the disorder appeared in one group of 153 families and a second group of 275 families. That association is only statistical， and Kelsoe said researchers now are looking for biological evidence that this variant of the gene acts abnormally. 科学家称他们也曾发现了一种引发躁郁症，或称双极性疾患的阻扰性基因。这项发现可以最终在躁郁症的诊治方面为科学家们提供指导性匡助。 讨论者们在讨论中发现，仅有3％的病例证实是和此种基因的一种特殊变体联系，但是其他的变体的诱病率可能会更高。这项讨论答复的作家，圣地亚哥的加利福尼亚大学的约翰·凯尔索博士说，今后的深远讨论能够可以揭示这种奥密的隐形生物是如何让某些东说念主患上躁郁症的，这么就可以匡助科学家们制定出新的诊治有筹画。这项讨论刊登在了6月16日的期刊《分子神经病学》上。从前的讨论发现存其他种类的基因同躁郁症的发病联系。但是位于巴尔的摩的约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的梅尔文·麦金尼斯博士，一位讨论躁郁症的巨匠在一次采访中说，他认为凯尔索博士的新讨论和近期的其他联系讨论都有劲地解释这种病同某种特殊的基因联系。目前好意思国有230万成年东说念主饱受躁郁症之苦。这种病的症候主若是间歇性的抑郁和躁急，出现反常的心情飞扬或者感奋。尽管咱们当今也曾有了灵验的诊治方法，但是科学家们还在寻求更好的诊治路线。讨论标明，遗传学昭彰同这种病联系。凯尔索博士的讨论荟萃在一种成为GRK3的基因上。这种基因影响大脑对化学因素和大脑细胞之间相互传递的敏锐度。凯尔索博士说，这种基因的特质可以最终形成东说念主们对这些因素（日常在多巴胺和其他物资中）的过分敏锐，而诱发躁郁症。 凯尔索博士和共事们也曾发现了同GRK3这种特殊基因变体联系的数据把柄。他们追踪讨论了有躁郁症病史的家庭中带有这种变体的父母和孩子之间的遗传情况。总的来说，这种变体日常是会由父母遗传给孩子的，而孩子日后天然也会患上躁郁症。这就证明恰是这种变体诱发了躁郁症。这种基因变体和躁郁症之间的讨论扫尾是在辞别对153个家庭和275个家庭进行造访之后得出的。但是目前这个扫尾还只停留在数据阶段，因此凯尔索博士说讨论者们正在寻找解释这种基因变体反常作用的生物学方面的把柄。ZTFat equals lazy? 为胖东说念主伸冤 肥美≠懒惰 Doctors are guilty of wrongly believing that obese people are simply lazy， research suggests. Researchers at Yale University said the findings highlight the difficulty in tackling the stigma around obesity. Many obese people complain that others believe they are overweight simply because they eat too much or fail to exercise. This is despite the fact that obesity can be caused by a variety of other factors， such as genes and environment. Dr Marlene Schwartz and colleagues carried out psychological tests on 389 professionals who treat and study obese people. They found that younger professionals， in particular， were most likely to have unfavourable stereotypes of obese people. Workers who did not deal directly with obese patients were also inclined to see them in an unfavourable light. "On both implicit and explicit measures， health professionals associated the stereotypes lazy， stupid and worthless with obese people，" said Dr Schwartz. "The stigma of obesity is so strong that even those most knowledgeable about the condition infer that obese people have blameworthy behavioural characteristics that contribute to their problem， i.e. being lazy，" she said. "Furthermore， these biases extend to core characteristics of intelligence and personal worth." Dr Ian Campbell of the UK's National Obesity Forum said he was not surprised by the findings and said they would probably be replicated if the test was carried out on British doctors. "It is disappointing but it is not surprising to see that health professionals have the same ingrained prejudice against obese people as the general public，" he said. "It is becoming increasingly clear that as much as 80% of people who are obese are predisposed genetically. "Although it is very rare to find a case where obesity is purely genetic， there are many cases where it is not in the patient's control." He said it was unhelpful for doctors to be biased against obese patients. "It is important for doctors and other health professionals to show understanding and enthusiasm for change. "If a doctor is biased against the patient's efforts， then it is unlikely to have a good outcome." 讨论标明：大夫们轻易的认为肥美皆备是因为懒惰，他们这么说是有罪的。耶鲁大学的讨论者们说该扫尾凸起了一个问题——要破除肥美带来的污名不那么容易。许多肥美的东说念主衔恨说别东说念主都以为他们过度肥美即是因为他们贪馋白丝，或者是清贫畅通。关联词事实并非如斯。形成肥美的因素多种千般白丝，举例基因和环境。马琳·施瓦茨大夫和他的共事对389名诊治和讨论肥美病东说念主的医护东说念主员进行了心理测试。他们发现特殊是一些较年青的医护东说念主员更容易对肥美病东说念主有偏见。那些抵抗直和肥美病东说念主打交说念的办当事人说念主员也倾向于对他们厚此薄彼。“不管是用含蓄的如故平直的方式，医护东说念主员老是将懒惰、愚蠢、无须和肥美的东说念主谈论起来，”施瓦茨大夫说。她说：“肥美的名声太坏，以致那些健康常识终点豪阔的东说念主也推断肥美患者是因为养成了不妥的步履民风，举例懒惰，才导致肥美。”“而且，这些偏见扩大到智商和个东说念主价值等中枢特征。”英国国度肥美论坛的伊恩·坎贝尔大夫说他对这么的发现并不感到惊诧，如果在英国大夫中进行这么的测试，扫尾可能会重叠。“医护东说念主员和大众一样对肥美病东说念主有树大根深的偏见，这一发现让咱们感到失望但并不突如其来，”他说。“当今越来越昭彰，快要80%的肥美病东说念主是受基因的影响。”“尽管很少发现肥美皆备是因为基因引起的，但是在许多病例中病东说念主是无法限定发胖的。”他说大夫对肥美病东说念主有偏见是莫得克己的。“大夫和其它医护东说念主员应该领路和积极撑持病东说念主改革近况，这少量很首要。”“如果大夫对病东说念主的努力有偏见，那么就不太可能有好扫尾。”ZT这个网站比较相宜我wcx wrote:这个网站比较相宜我建议：对对照阅读的范畴有所截止，可聘用题目。very very good ，i like itTo forgive may be divine， but no one ever said it was easy. When someone has deeply hurt you， it can be extremely difficult to let go of your grudge. But forgiveness is possible -- and it can be surprisingly beneficial to your physical and mental health."People who forgive show less depression， anger and stress and more hopefulness，" says Frederic， Ph.D.， author of Forgive for Good. "So it can help save on the wear and tear on our organs， reduce the wearing out of the immune system and allow people to feel more vital."So how do you start the healing? Try following these steps:Calm yourself. To defuse your anger， try a simple stress-management technique. "Take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature， someone you love，" Frederic says.Don't wait for an apology. "Many times the person who hurt you has no intention of apologizing，" Frederic says. "They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don't see things the same way. So if you wait for people to apologize， you could be waiting an awfully long time." Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean reconciliation with the person who upset you or condoning of his or her action.Take the control away from your offender. Mentally replaying your hurt gives power to the person who caused you pain. "Instead of focusing on your wounded feelings， learn to look for the love， beauty and kindness around you，" Frederic says.Try to see things from the other person's perspective. If you empathize with that person， you may realize that he or she was acting out of ignorance， fear -- even love. To gain perspective， you may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender's point of view.Recognize the benefits of forgiveness. Research has shown that people who forgive report more energy， better appetite and better sleep patterns.Don't forget to forgive yourself. "For some people， forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge，" Frederic says. "But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don't do it."宽宥是圣洁的，但是莫得东说念主说很容易作念到宽宥别东说念主。当你被深深伤害的时候，想要不牢骚在心是很难作念到的。但是宽宥是可能的——而且这会给你的身心健康带来突如其来的益处。《宽宥的克己》一书的作家弗雷德里克博士说。 “懂得宽宥的东说念主不会感到那么颓败、震怒和病笃，他们老是充满但愿。是以宽宥有助于减少东说念主体千般器官的损耗，镌汰免疫系统的困乏进度并使东说念主元气心灵愈加充沛。”那么，如何复原我方的心情呢？试试底下的一些设施吧：让我方冷静下来。尝试一种毛糙的减压妙技来缓解你震怒的心情。弗雷德里克建议：“作念几次深呼吸，然后想想那些令你快乐的事情，比如天然界的秀丽景象，或者你爱的东说念主。”不要等别东说念主来说念歉。弗雷德里克说：“许多时候，伤害你的东说念主莫得想过要说念歉。他们可能是故意的，也可能只是和你看待事物的方式不一样。是以如果你等着别东说念主来说念歉，你可能会等相当长的时候。”你要记起，宽宥并不一定意味着驯从那些让你忐忑不安的东说念主，也不虞味着见谅他或她的步履。不要让冒犯你的东说念主限定你的心情。内心里老是想着我方的伤痛，只会给伤害你的东说念主打气。弗雷德里克说：“与其老是热诚我方受到的伤害，还不如学着去寻找你身边的真善好意思。”试着从别东说念主的角度来看问题。如果你站在别东说念主的立场上，你也许会毅力到他或她是因为无知、短促、以致是爱才那样作念的。为了能够站在别东说念主的角度来看问题，你可以从冒犯你的东说念主的立场给你我方写一封信。相识到宽宥的益处。讨论标明懂得宽宥的东说念主元气心灵更旺盛、食欲更好、睡觉更香。不要忘了宽宥我方。弗雷德里克说：“对于有些东说念主来说，宽宥我方才是最大的挑战。但是如果你不宽宥我方，你会失去自信。”（中国日报网站译）我也来贴一篇我方翻译的东西，短的东西没什么深度，笑话。New faces light up shy brains US scientists have spotted something different in the brains of shy and outgoing people when they meet a new face.What's more， it seems that the difference has its roots in childhood. Individuals' approaches to unfamiliarity as kids appear to be echoed by their neural responses to novelty later in life.The distinction may rest in an almond-shaped region of the brain called the amygdala， which is involved in emotion and survival. When Carl Schwartz of Massachusetts General Hospital in Charlestown showed pictures of strangers to young adults， he saw more activity in the amygdala of thirteen 21-year-olds with a history of shyness than he did in adults who've been oozing confidence since kindergarten. "We can see that signature in the brain's circuitry，" he says."I guess the biggest surprise for us is that individual differences in response to novel objects is maintained 20 years later，" remarks Schwartz. Past shyness studies have focused on infants， recording details such as their heart rates. This experiment is the first to follow up such children as adults with brain imaging.Environmental factors， such as overprotective parents or accidents， shape the temperament that people are born with. The hope is that research may help us to understand the complex crosstalk between genes and surroundings at crucial stages of infant development， and shed light on any connection between childhood anxiety and later psychiatric disorders.Nonetheless， a correlation between brain activity in adults and childhood temperament does not prove that being reserved as a child leads to shyness later in life. "Our study provides a very strong inference， but it does not prove a link，" cautions Schwartz.So does this mean that cowering in the crib destines a person for a quiet life? Definitely not， says psychologist Simon Killcross of Cardiff University， UK， who studies mechanisms of fear and anxiety. "That a person has difficulty with novelty doesn't mean they are unable to change - the adult brain is more plastic than the man in the street would imagine."References1. Schwartz， C. E.， Wright， C. I.， Shin， L. M.， Kagan， J. & Rauch， S. L. Inhibited and Uninhibited Infants "Grown Up": Adult Amygdalar Response to Novelty. Science， 300， 1952 - 1953， (2003).Nature News Service / Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2003 目生的面貌点亮害羞的大脑好意思国科学家发现，害羞的和外向的东说念主群靠近目生面貌时，脑部步履具有某种互异。而且，这种互异在年幼时就存在。个体在成年后对新颖事物的脑部神经步履，是他们年幼时对待不熟悉事物时脑部神经步履的一种再现。这种远隔可能来源于脑部一个参与心情和基本身命步履的杏仁状结构——杏仁体。查尔斯城马萨诸塞州总病院的卡尔. 施瓦茨大夫，向一组年青东说念主展示了一系列目生东说念主的脸部相片。他发现，与从年少时就很自信的被试比较，13个也曾被详情具有害羞个性的21岁被试的杏仁体步履更为强烈。“咱们可以发现那些脑部回路的特征，”他说。“我认为最让咱们吃惊的是个体对清新事物反馈的互异可以保持20年之久，” 施瓦茨大夫默示。以前对害羞的讨论荟萃在婴幼儿身上，记载诸如心率等细节信息。通过脑成像时候追踪讨论儿童直至成东说念主的实验，这如故第一次。如过分溺爱的父母或未必事故等环境因素，可以改革东说念主天生的气质。对于领路儿童孕育发育重要阶段的基因和环境之间的复杂关系、找到儿童胆怯偏执以后的精神疾病的关系，这项讨论带来了但愿。关联词，成东说念主脑部步履和儿童气质的联系性并不成解释童年时害羞的个性会在其以后的生活中一直保持。“咱们的讨论提议了这么一个推论，并不成解释两者的势必谈论，” 施瓦茨大夫提醒到。这是否默示在婴儿床上瑟索成一团的个性害羞的婴儿注定要过平庸的生活？天然不是，英国加的夫大学一位讨论短促和胆怯机制的心理学家西蒙.科尔克劳斯。“一个东说念主靠近新事物感到不适并不默示他们就会一直如斯——成东说念主脑的可塑性远远卓绝任何一个东说念主的想象”。Bully on the BrainFeb. 14， 2000 (Boston) -- For the first time， a brain defect that could be at least partly responsible for extremely violent criminal actions and antisocial behaviors of some men has been identified， report researchers from the University of Southern California (USC). Men with antisocial personality disorder (APD) -- a form of mental illness often seen in serial killers and other violent， aggressive， wildly impulsive， or dangerous people -- had an 11% reduction in a certain type of tissue (gray matter) in the part of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex when compared with either normal men or men with a history of drug or alcohol abuse but no APD.Researchers have pinpointed the prefrontal cortex as the part of the brain where emotion， arousal， attention， moral conscience， and self-control primarily reside.The link between extremely violent and antisocial behavior and damage to prefrontal cortex from disease or trauma has been long established. One of the most famous cases was that of a Vermont railroad worker named Phineas Gage， who in 1848 survived and， remarkably， recovered rapidly from a horrific accident in which a heavy iron tamping rod more than three feet in length was driven by an explosion completely through his skull. Following the accident， however， he underwent a dramatic personality change， and began to display many of the traits of APD， including antisocial behavior， use of sexually explicit language， apparent lack of moral conscience， impulsiveness， irritability， aggressiveness， and an inability to focus on work or plan for the future.Although children are not typically diagnosed with personality disorders until they reach adulthood， according to the American Psychiatric Association， children that exhibit signs similar to APD typically violate rules and show signs of extreme aggression， such as the torture of animals or other people， frequent bullying or threatening， use of weapons that could cause serious injury， lying， sexual aggression， vandalism， and theft. Adults with APD frequently commit criminal acts， get into fights， cheat， show a general disregard for the safety of themselves or others， and show a lack of remorse for their own behavior.But the findings from the USC study raise legal and ethical questions about whether some violent offenders are completely responsible for their actions， and whether they can or should be treated with specific interventions that could curb impulsive behaviors and dampen their aggressive tendencies so that they no longer present a threat to society at large."I don't think anyone would argue that you can treat extreme antisocial behavior by locking people away， but then how would we treat them， and is it possible to prevent such behaviors from occurring in the first place?" asks M. Marsel Mesulam， MD， in an interview with WebMD seeking objective analysis. Mesulam is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago."The exciting part would be if this could be a marker to identify children who are at increased risk for this troublesome adult outcome， and if it would have sufficient accuracy to pick up children who are at risk for this condition， because that's a prerequisite for any targeted intervention program，" agrees David R. Offord， MD， director of the Centre for Studies of Children at Risk at McMaster University in Hamilton， Ontario.If the causes of the underlying problem can be identified， it could allow doctors to design therapies such as drugs or surgery to treat the specific brain defect， combined with other strategies such as psychiatric treatment and behavioral therapy. Such therapies would be likely to be more effective in children， whose brains are more adaptable to change than those of adults， says researcher Adrian Raine， DPhil， professor of psychology at the USC， in an interview with WebMD."We have to try to discover what the causes of the prefrontal damage are，水中色影院 and that's what we can't answer at the moment，" Raine says. "The deficit could occur from environmental factors， such as birth complications， which could traumatize the brain. We did research a few years ago showing that birth complications predispose to violent offending in adulthood. Perhaps if we gave under-served mothers better prenatal and postnatal health care， we might be in a better position to do something about reducing one of the sources of prefrontal damage.""Another source of the damage could be very early infant abuse. If you repeatedly shake an infant， you'll lacerate the white nerve fibers connecting the frontal cortex， effectively shutting it off from the rest of the brain and perhaps leading to some neuronal [nerve cell] degeneration. So the question may be， what do we do to prevent early infant abuse?" he says.Raine tells WebMD that although there is little hope now of curing adults with APD， "we know that in the next 10 years we'll have the first microchip implant to replace the hippocampus [the area of the brain thought to be involved in emotion and memory]， and scientists are working on using microchip implants to replace other damaged brain structures. It's not inconceivable， therefore， that within the next 15 to 20 years we might be able to do something about the tissue loss that occurs in these individuals."Vital Information: Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a form of mental illness often seen in serial killers and other violent， aggressive， wildly impulsive， or dangerous people. Researchers have found that men with APD have an 11% reduction in a type of tissue in the prefrontal cortex -- the area of the brain associated with emotion， arousal， attention， moral conscience， and self-control. Some suggestions as to what actually causes the damage to this area of the brain include environmental factors， such as complications during birth， or early infant abuse.反社会东说念主格高大（APD）来源于大脑2000年2月14日（波士顿）－南加州大学（USC）的讨论东说念主员说他们也曾初度辨别出一个至少部分与某些东说念主的终点暴力监犯步履和反社会步履联系的大脑迂回。 反社会东说念主格高大（APD）是一种日常发生在连环杀手和有暴力和侵犯性倾向，冲动危急东说念主物身上的一种心理疾病。患有APD的东说念主大脑前额皮层的某个组织（灰质）的体积与正常东说念主或者有吸毒酗酒史但莫得APD 的东说念主比起来减少了11％。讨论东说念主员也曾阐述前额皮层是与情怀，激励，细心力，良知说念德和公正联系的脑区。终点暴力倾向和反社会步履和由于疾病或外伤形成的大脑前额皮层损害之间的关系很早以前就也曾为东说念主们所相识。最盛名的病例是好意思国佛蒙特州一个名叫Phineas Gage的铁路工东说念主。1848年他从一次可怕的事故中避免受难而况很快地康复了。在这次事故中，一根三英尺多长的千里重的小铁棒被爆炸气流炸飞起来穿透了他的头骨。事故事后，他的东说念主格发生了昭彰的变化，阐述出许多APD的特征，包括反社会步履，使用卑劣的语言，昭彰清贫说念德感，冲动，易怒，有侵犯倾向，工作不成荟萃细心力以及对异日清贫贪图等。据好意思国神经病协会报说念，天然儿童要比及成年才能阐述出典型的东说念主格高大症状，一些阐述出与APD相似的特征的儿童与其他儿童比起来尤其可能违犯程序和具有侵犯倾向，比如折磨小动物或周围的东说念主，日常要挟绑架别东说念主，使用会引起严重伤害的刀兵，撒谎，损坏公物，偷窃等。患有APD的成年东说念主日常作念出触坐法律的举动，宣战，诳骗，疏远本东说念主和他东说念主的安全，对我方的步履不悛改等。但是USC的讨论扫尾也从法律和说念德角度对这一现象提议了疑问，一些暴力倾向者是否可以对我方的步履负皆备工作，东说念主们是否应该收受特殊方式对待他们，遏制他们的冲动步履，减轻他们的侵犯性倾向，使他们即使在无东说念主监护时也不会对社会组成要挟。芝加哥西北大学神经病学和步履科学教师M. Marsel Mesulam在接受WebMD网采访时就这一问题寻求客不雅分析的时候说，“我想任何东说念主都不会把将这些东说念主锁起来算作遏制终点反社会步履的方法，那该若何对待这些东说念主呢，有莫得可能把这些步履限定在刚出现的时候呢”？汉密尔顿McMaster 大学特殊儿童讨论中心主任David R. Offord对这一看法默示同意，“这一发现令东说念主鼓动的方位在于它是一个参量，这个参量可以匡助咱们辨别出那些正缓缓走向危急，在成东说念主后会产生这一令东说念主毒手地扫尾的儿童，可以匡助咱们准确地发现处于暗藏期儿童”。如果发现了产生这一问题的原因，大夫就可以找到诊治方法来医治这种大脑毁伤，比如药物或手术诊治，或荟萃其他的方法如精神诊治和步履疗法。Raine说，“咱们试图发现前额额叶毁伤的原因所在，但目前咱们还找不到谜底。毁伤可以由环境因素引发，如配置时的并发症会毁伤大脑。几年前咱们进行的联系讨论露馅配置时的并发症会导致成年后的暴力倾向。如果咱们给妇女更好的产前和产后照顾，咱们就有可能减少形成对额叶形成毁伤的原因之一”。他还说，“另外一个原因可能是婴儿早期受到狠毒。如果婴儿被反复摇晃，招引前额皮层的白神经纤维就会断裂，从而前额皮层与大脑其余部分的谈论也断开，导致一些神经细胞的衰退。是以问题即是咱们应该若何注重婴儿在早期受到狠毒”。Raine告诉WebMD网说，天然当今医治患有APD的成年东说念主简直莫得什么但愿，但“咱们也曾知说念十年内咱们会把第一块微芯片植入东说念主脑代替大脑中与情怀和牵记联系的海马区，而况科学家正在试验植入微芯片代替其他受损害的大脑组织。是以在十五到二十年之内咱们应该可以为这些大脑组织受到毁伤的东说念主作念些事情”。 首要信息： *反社会东说念主格高大（APD）是一种日常发生在连环杀手和有暴力侵犯性倾向和冲动危急的东说念主物身上的一种心理疾病。 *讨论东说念主员发现患有APD的东说念主大脑前额皮层的某种组织减少了11％－这一脑区与情怀，激励，细心力，良知说念德和公正联系。 *这一脑区受到毁伤的原因究竟是什么，谜底包括环境因素如配置时的并发症，和婴儿在早期受到狠毒。译自WebMD医药新闻How Emotions Strengthen MemoryJames L. McGaugh， Ph.D.，CaliforniaFrom both human and animal studies， we know that a certain class of anxiety-reducing drugs called benzodiazepines (Valium and Halcion， for example) impair memory consolidation. Other classes of drugs have the opposite effect and can enhance memory， but only if they are administered shortly after learning， when memory consolidation is occurring. If the injections occur more than six hours after training， memory is not enhanced.Both kinds of drugs work on the same receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala， receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA， which blocks the firing of the receiving neuron or moderates the strength of its firing. The amnesia-inducing drugs are GABA agonists: they act like GABA itself to activate the GABA receptors. The memory enhancing drugs are GABA antagonists: they block activation of the GABA receptors.Memory also is enhanced by hormones that are released when we experience stress. This explains why emotional arousal has such a powerful influence on how well we remember things. When the brain senses danger， the instant fight-or-flight response involves the hypothalamus sending signals along the sympathetic nervous system to the adrenal glands， specifically to the adrenal medulla， which secrete the hormones epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and norepinephrine into the blood stream. Adrenaline raises the heart rate; norepinephrine raises blood pressure.If the threat continues for more than a few seconds， the HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis is activated. The hypothalamus releases a hormone called CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)， which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)， which in turn stimulates the outer part of the adrenal glands， the adrenal cortex， to produce cortisol. Cortisol， among other things， increases the supply of blood glucose to make more energy available， enabling the fight and/or the flight. Both epinephrine and cortisol play a very powerful role in regulating the strength of memory by regulating the release of norepinephrine in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.Even though the amygdala is crucial to the consolidation of emotional memories， it is not the site of long-term storage of the memories. Animal studies show that when animals are trained with mild foot shocks (a sufficiently negative experience to induce the stress response) and then have their amygdalas inactivated by injections of lidocaine， they can still perform the training task; their memory is not affected.We know from human experiments that the strength of a memory is regulated by the significance of the experience. The regulation involves the release of stress hormones. In one experiment， two groups of subjects were read a story and shown a series of slides. They all saw the same slides， but they heard two different stories. One story was flat and neutral; the other story matched it except for an emotionally arousing description in the middle.Two weeks later， the subjects were asked to state what they remembered of the slides. The group that heard the neutral story remembered the slides from all parts of the story equally well (or poorly); there was no difference in recall of the slides from the beginning， middle， or end of the story. The other group， however， had significantly enhanced recall of the slides in the middle， the ones they were looking at when they heard the emotionally arousing description.In a subsequent experiment， half the subjects were given a beta blocker (to block epinephrine effects) before the experiment started. For those who heard the neutral story， the beta blocker made no difference in their recall of the slides. But in those who heard the emotional story， the beta blocker completely blocked the arousing effect of emotion on memory， preventing the memory from becoming strong.These results have clear implications for people who are plagued by vivid memories of a trauma and are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. It may be possible to block the development of post-traumatic stress disorder by artificially--that is， pharmaceutically--blocking the effects of stress hormones in the brain. If we can reduce the emotional charge of the memory of an assault or an accident， we can reduce the long-term anxiety.When the connection between emotion and memory works well， the results are very satisfying: we remember the important and good things that we want and need to remember. When the system is overworked， we may remember too much， or too intensely， and the result may be debilitating.心情如何增强牵记James L. McGaugh， Ph.D.，California大学心理学讨论教师、学习与牵记神经生物学中心创建东说念主和中心主任从对东说念主和对动物的讨论中咱们知说念，一类称为苯二氮杂平类（benzodiazepine）的减轻忧虑的药物（举例舒冒失Halcion）会毁伤牵记的稳定。其它类型的药物则具有相悖的作用，能够增强牵记，但在学习后的牵记增强发生时随即用药才灵验。如果在闇练后卓绝六个小时用药，那么牵记不会被增强。这两类药物都对杏仁核侧底核中的雷同受体起作用，这些扼制性神经递质GABA（伽玛氨基丁酸）的受体遏制接受神经元的感奋或节制其感奋强度。导致忘记症的药物为GABA促效剂（agonists）：它们的作用像GABA自身一样激活GABA受体。增强牵记的药物则为GABA拮抗剂（antagonists）：它们遏制GABA受体的激活。当咱们感到有压力时所开释的荷尔蒙也会增强牵记。这就解释了为什么心情叫醒对咱们回忆事情具有强有劲的影响。当大脑毅力到危急时， “斗争如故藏匿”的一霎反馈波及到视丘下部，沿交感神经系统将信号送至肾上腺，尤其是肾上腺髓质，分泌出荷尔蒙肾上腺素（或称肾上腺素）和降肾上腺素进入血流。肾上腺素使心率加速，降肾上腺素使血压飞腾。如果这个要挟卓绝几秒钟，那么HPA（视丘下部-脑垂体-肾上腺）要津将激活。视丘下部开释出一种称为CRH（促肾上腺皮质开释荷尔蒙）的荷尔蒙，刺激脑垂体分泌出ACTH（促肾上腺皮质荷尔蒙），ACTH又刺激肾上腺外部即肾上腺皮质，产生出皮质醇（cortisol）。而皮质醇提高血糖以为斗争和/或潜逃提供更多的能量。在通过调理杏仁核侧底核中的降肾上腺素的开释来调理牵记力的历程中，肾上腺素和皮质醇都演出着首要的脚色。即使杏仁查对于心情性牵记的稳定极为首要，它并不是存贮经久牵记的部位。动物讨论标明，在对一些动物用软性足部刺激（一种足以引起应激反馈的负面体验）进行闇练，然后通过打针利多卡因使其杏仁核不步履，这些动物仍可以完成闇练任务，它们的牵记未受影响。咱们从对东说念主的实验了解到，牵记强度由体验的说念理所调理。这种调理波及了应激荷尔蒙的开释。在一个实验中，对两组受检者读一段故事和放映一组幻灯片。他们都看统一组幻灯片，但听的是两个不同的故事。一个故事平庸而中庸，另一个故事相雷同，只是在中间部分有一段激起情怀的刻画。两周后，请这些受检者文告他们对那组幻灯片的回忆。听中性故事的那组能够同样或好或坏地回忆起扫数故事情节，对幻灯片的回忆重新到尾莫得区别。但是另一组则对中间部分有更强的牵记，他们在看这部分的时候曾听过激起情怀的刻画。在后来的一个实验中，实验初始前给一半的受检者贝塔阻断剂（以阻断肾上腺素作用）。对于那些听了中性故事的东说念主，贝塔阻断剂莫得形成他们对幻灯片回忆的远隔。但对于那些听了感东说念主故事的东说念主，贝塔阻断剂则皆备阻断了他们牵记中神气印象，从而注重对此的牵记变强。对于被受那些对创伤的廓清牵记所折磨和遭受伤后应激高大的东说念主，这些扫尾具有廓清的提醒。可以收受东说念主工的即药物的方式阻断伤后应激高大的发展，阻断大脑中应激荷尔蒙的作用。如果咱们能够减小对一次伤害或事故牵记的心情包袱，那么就能够减小经久的胆怯。当心情与牵记之间的招引正常，扫尾十分令东说念主满足：咱们记取咱们想要记取的首要的和好的事情。如果该系统工作过度，咱们会牵记太多或太强烈，从而扫尾就会放松。著述来源： 好意思国国会藏书楼和国度精神健康讨论院组织的研讨会 1998-5-6读了这些著述挺有得益的How to go on your life especially after trauma 如何不竭你的生活尤其是靠近创伤时 Somebody wanted to learn medicine but he couldn’t make up his mind . He went to ask his friend: “Is it suitable for me to study it? I’ll be 44 after 4 years of college.” 有一个东说念主想学医，但是又方寸已乱，就去问他的一个一又友: “再过四年，我就44岁了，能行吗?” His friend said to him: “why not ? Four years later you’ll be 44 whether you go to college or not.” He thought it over and got the idea. The next day he went to enroll at the college. 一又友对他说: “若何不行呢?你不学医，再过四年也44岁呀!”他想了想，一霎认识了，第二天就去学校报了名 One of my friends did business in collaboration with somebody else a few years ago . Their freighter was upturned by storm at sea and their hope ， together with their merchandise vanished all of a sudden. He was so upset by the blow that he became low-spirited and couldn’t even concentrate his attention. His partner who suffered the same catastrophe never lost heart. His days went on as colorfully as before. My friend asked him how he could manage it. He sayed: “you curse ，you grieve， life goes on as usual; you are happy and enjoy yourself， the world runs as usual. Which course do you follow?” 我的一个一又友，几年前跟东说念主结伴作念了商业，运货的船突遇风波，翻了，他们扫数的财产和空想也随之坠入了海底.他经不起这个打击，从此变得领悟土崩，神念念迷糊。当他看到另一个东说念主跟他沿途遭受变故的东说念主竟然活得饶有风趣时，就去问他。那东说念主对他说: “你咒骂，你伤心，日子一天天往日;你快乐，你欢乐，日子一天寰球往日，你聘用哪一种呢?” That’s how a person leads his life .When you are optimistic and in a good mood， your future seems sunny and bright. On the contrary ，when you are worried and have your mind caged in sadness， your future will turn dark. The latter situation， if you allow it to last， will cost you a great deal. You will lose confidence and courage to fight for the better. You will let go the joyfully things that come your way. They are like the air around us ，really the most important ，the most reliable part of links o f our life. If they get loose and drop one after another， how can you keep happiness? 东说念主即是这么，当你以一种辉煌、乐不雅朝上的心态去构筑异日时，目下就会呈现一派光明；反之，当你将念念维囿于忧伤的牢笼里，异日就就变得昏暗无光了。长此下去，你不仅会将最起码的信念和拼搏的勇气泯灭，还会将身边那些最近最真的欢乐失去。对每一个东说念主来说，那些如空气一样充塞在身边的欢乐才是最首要的，它组成咱们人命之链上最信得过可靠的一环，你一节一节地让它松落了，欢笑若何能向下延续呢？ There’s a poem which says: “Whether you are aware or not， whether you like or dislike. Show attention or ignore， flowers bloom luxuriously all the same.” Yes， that’s it . Just as flowers keep blooming， fine days are passing away one after another. How to spend your days oyfully or sorrowfully will entirely depend on yourself. 有一首诗写说念：“你知说念，你轸恤，花儿努力地绽放；你不识，你厌恶，花儿努力地开。”是的，花儿老是在努力地开，好意思好的日子也一天寰球荏苒，你该欢娱地渡过每一天如故不舒服地挨过每一日，可全在于你我方了。天然与专科关系不大，但奖励一分，以饱读舞！真可惜我E文太低了。。。看来要好勤学习了！我算计翻译的列位大多数不是精神科专科东说念主士，天然群众花了许多的时候和元气心灵，但如故有不少毛糙的轻易，举例bipolar disorder说念理是双相情怀抵制，也即是躁郁症；antisocial personality disorder(APD)的说念理是反社会东说念主格抵制， benzodiazepine的说念理是苯二氮卓，但愿群众加强专科闇练，好好加油！谢谢群众的帖子真好谢谢群众的帖子真好这些著述都是peer-review的吗？最近看到一篇很故说念理的心理学著述，谈的是对于爱的，很故说念理，摘了部分给群众赏玩，并作念了简要的翻译。adapted from Rathus，S.A.&J.S.Nevud. Psychology and the Chanllenges of Life. 4th ed.Models of love 心理学家发现爱是一个复杂的观点，它是对于情怀的、阐明的和动机等多范畴的体验。心理学家也谈及了爱有多种性质和种类。咱们接下来望望西方文化中爱的观点 The greek heritage of four types of loveThe concept of love can be traced back at least to the classical Greeks，who had four concepts related to the modern concept of love: Storge， Agape， Philia and Eros. Storge(pronounced STORE-gay) is translated as attachment and nonsexually oriented affection， the emotion that binds friends and parents and children together. Agape is similar to generosity and charity. It implied the wish to share one’s bounty， and is epitomized by anonymous donations to charity. Philia， like storge， is close in meaning to friendship. It is based on liking and respect and involves the desire to do and share things with another person. Eros is closest in meaning to passionate， romantic， love. Sigmund Freud used the concept eros to describe a basic life instinct， which he thought motivated most human behavior. Freud believed， literally， that eros “makes the world go round .” Our own concept of romantic love does not imply any basic life instinct. Still， romantic love can be an important determinant of behavior－in societies that believe in the concept. 古希腊传统中的四种爱的类型爱的传统可以追忆到经典的古希腊时期。其时有四种爱的观点与当今爱的观点联系：Storge说念理是依恋和莫得性倾向的情谊，这种情谊将一又友、父母和子女谈论在沿途。Agape与清翠和慈善相似，它意指乐善好施，其典型的作念法是向慈善机构匿名捐钱。Philia与Storge相似，与友情说念理密切联系。它是基于爱好和尊重并与期许与他东说念主共同共享事物。Eros的说念理与厉害的摈弃的爱邻近。弗洛伊德将eros刻画成为是人命的本能，他认为这本能驱动东说念主类的大部分步履，它使这个世界动掸。咱们当今对摈弃的爱的领路并不是暗指什么人命的本能，但是摈弃的爱仍是社会步履的一个首要的决定因素。Styles of loveOther psychologists speak of contemporary styles of love. For expmpler， Clyde and Susan Hendrick (1986) of Texas Tech University developed a love-attitude scale that suggests the existence of six styles of love among college students. Following is a list of the styles， with items that identigy the style and are similar to the actual items on the love-attitude scale. As you will see ，current conceptions of love still owe a debt to the ancient Greesk:1.Eros， or romantic love， “my lover fits my ideal，” “My lover and I were attracted to one another immediately.”2.Ludus， or game-playing love. “I keep my lover up in the air about my commitment，” “I get over lover affairs pretty easily”3.Storge， or friendship-love. “The best love grows out of an enduring friendship.”4.Pragma; pragmatic or logical love. “I consider a lover’s potential in life before commiting myself，” “I consider whether my lover will be a good parent.”5.mania， or possessive， excited love. “I get so excited about my love that I cannot sleep，” “when my lover ignores me I get sick all over.”6.Agape， or selfless love. “I would do anything I can to help my lover，” “My lover’s needs and wishs are more important than my own.”爱的立场其他一些心理学家谈及了现代的爱的立场或类型。举例1986德克萨斯时候工学院作念的一项对于爱神气度造访标明大学生当中存在6种立场的爱。1.Eros即摈弃的爱。“我的爱东说念主是我的梦中情东说念主”“我和我的爱东说念主一见寄望”2.Ludus即游戏式的爱。“我让对方摸不准我有多参加”“我能很容易地从失恋中复原”3.Storge即友谊式的爱。“最佳的爱成长于持久的友谊中”4.Pragma即实用式的爱。“我在参加一段情谊之前，我会先探究他的生活的后劲”“我会探究我的爱东说念主是否能成为好的父母”5.mania即占有式的神气式的爱。“我对我的爱情怀奋的不成入睡”“当我的爱东说念主不睬我时，我会一卧不起”6.Agape即忘我的爱。“为了匡助我的爱东说念主我愿意作念任何事情”“爱东说念主的需乞降愿望比我我方的还首要”想一想，你和他或她之间是哪一种爱呢？From University of Alberta:Smarter ways to measure intelligence than IQ， says University of Alberta researcherMeasuring a child's IQ is an obsolete way to determine intelligence， and in fact， labels youngsters unfairly， according to a University of Alberta professor.根据Alberta大学的一位教师的说法，通过测量儿童的智商（IQ）来详情其智商的方法是衰落的，同期事实上，这种贴标签的方法亦然不公说念的。Building on a theory he began researching almost 20 years ago， Dr. J.P. Das has developed ' rules and tools of intelligence' which point to factors other than IQ (Intelligence Quotient) in measuring how 'smart' a child is.基于其从20年前就初始讨论的一个表面，Das博士编制了同其他智商测试不同的对于如何测量一个孩子有多贤惠的表率与器具。''A child growing up in the slums or in a household with no literacy or books could be very street-smart， yet not have the school learning required for the traditional measurement of IQ，'' says Das， Professor Emeritus in educational psychology at the University of Alberta.来自Alberta大学的退休训诲心理学教师Das说，一个成长在穷人窟或者普通家庭，莫得接受训诲的儿童可以很贤惠，但传统的智商测试必须条款也曾在学校学习过。Das presented his Rules and Tools of Intelligence: How IQ became obsolete in a keynote address at the 28th International Congress of Psychology held in Beijing， China in August， and the system is now being used all over the world， and is being translated into several languages. Using a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada， Das is currently working with children in an Alberta aboriginal community to explore learning problems.Das博士先容了他对于智商的表率与测量器具：在八月份北京召开的第28届外洋心理学大会上发表了智商是若何变的衰落为主题的演讲，同期这套方法也曾在全世界使用，行将被翻译胪列国的语言。经加拿大社会科学和东说念主文讨论委员会的批准，Das博士当今在Alberta的一个土著住户区张开对于如何学习的问题的讨论。Das identifies four 'rules of intelligence' that go into information processing. The rules include a belief that intelligence is not fixed， but is influenced by such factors as learning and cultural demands， cognitive abilities， even school attendance， as well as individual ability to process information such as language and face recognition.Das博士详情了四种可以讨论信息处理的智商表率。其中包括智商不是固定不变的，受诸如学习与文化需求、阐明才能等因素的影响，以致于到校的次数与个东说念主在处理诸如言语和表象等的信息处理历程。The rules guide the research on PASS theory， developed by Das and two colleagues in 1994. PASS (an acronym for Planning， Attention， Simultaneous and Successive processing) has shown that intelligence should not be measured alone by school learning and IQ testing， but by information processing that occurs during this learning. ''What goes into intellectual abilities and how a person solves a problem is more important than a score itself，'' said Das.表率知说念在PASS表面上的讨论，该表面是Das博士与其两位共事在1994年提议来的。PASS表面（是贪图、细心、同期性、到手处理的英文简称）认为智商的测量不应是只是对学校学习与智商的测量，而应该是当学习是对信息处理的测量。Das博士说，什么影响智商才能和一个东说念主如何科罚问题是比一个分数本身更首要的。A system for cognitive assessment based on PASS has been available since 1997， following standardized testing on 3，000 children and teens， and has been adopted by school districts in the United States， including Los Angeles.从1997岁首始，一套基于PASS表面的阐明评估系统也曾初始使用，是通过对3000名儿童的表率化测试得到的，并也曾在好意思国的学区包括洛杉矶使用。IQ testing can stigmatize a child permanently， causing more harm than good， Das said. ''When a child is labelled as gifted， you are happy. But when he is labelled as borderline intelligent， as a parent you think， 'What did I do? I must have committed a sin.'''智商测试给一个孩子永恒地打上一个烙迹，导致的坏处多于克己。Das博士说，当一个孩子被贴以天才的标签，他会很欢娱，但他被贴以智商的边线时候，算作他的父母亲，你会想：我作念了什么？我监犯了。Using the PASS rules of intelligence， teachers in the classroom can individualize their program planning for students， Das says. ''Rather than categorizing and labelling， a teacher can explore the different thought process of each child as unique.''使用PASS的智商表率，教师可以使起针对学生的贪图更有个性。Das博士说，教师可以探索每个学生独一不同的念念考历程而不是将他们进行分类和贴标签。前几天翻译的一个东西，翻的不好请群众帮我改正！How science could help politicians 科学讨论标明：脸部特征决定第一印象 It is the holy grail of politicians everywhere - how to win and keep the trust of voters. Now researchers at the University of St Andrew's in Scotland say they may have the answer. They believe politicians could learn a lot from recent advances in science. A growing number of studies have shown that people do judge a book by its cover. Researchers say most of us make instant judgements about a person on the basis of how they look. They say facial features can determine whether we like or trust someone. It may even influence how we vote. "Over the years， we have found that facial features affect the way many of us perceive others，" says Elisabeth Cornwell， a psychology researcher at the university's Perception Laboratory. Studies suggest that people are less likely to trust those with particularly masculine features， such as a square jaw， small eyes or big nose. "They are perceived as dominant and less trustworthy，" says Ms Cornwell. "It doesn't mean that men who look more masculine are less trustworthy - it's just our first impressions." Those with less masculine features - larger eyes， a smaller nose and thinner lips - are deemed to be more trustworthy. "We are very good at processing these features quickly，" says Ms Cornwell. The researchers are putting their science to the test at the Royal Society's annual summer exhibition in London. They have subtly manipulated the faces of Prime Minister Tony Blair， Conservative leader Michael Howard and Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy accentuating their dominant and trustworthy features respectively. "We have used a computer programme to change the shape of their face and features. "We hope it will help people to understand our work." So should we expect to see Tony Blair， Michael Howard and Charles Kennedy at the exhibition getting tips? "I don't think it's something they will want to try，" says Ms Cornwell. "It's not really possible with television. We all know what they look like. I think they would be naive to try it." (Agencies) 如何才能赢得并保持选民对我方的信任——世界各地***家们心弛神往却永恒无法科罚的问题。 当今苏格兰圣安德鲁大学的讨论者们宣称他们可能掌执了其中的诀要。他们相信***家们可以从最近的科学讨论效果中学到许多东西。越来越多的讨论标明东说念主们根据封面来判断一册书的好坏。讨论者们说大部分东说念主对一个东说念主第一眼的评价主要取决于他的仪表。他们说面部特征可以决定东说念主们是否喜欢或信任一个东说念主，这以致可以影响东说念主们的投票。苏格兰圣安德鲁大学嗅觉实验室的心理学讨论员伊丽莎白·康威尔说：“这些年，咱们发现许多东说念主对他东说念主的相识方式都会受到此东说念主面部特征的影响。”讨论标明东说念主们不太容易相信有凸起男性特征的东说念主，比如方下巴，小眼睛，大鼻子。康威尔姑娘说：“东说念主们认为有这种特征的东说念主有权有势，不太值得信任。”“这并不虞味着看起来阳刚的男士不着实赖——这只是东说念主们的第一印象。”东说念主们认为更值得信托的是那些男性特征不太凸起的东说念主——大眼睛，小鼻子，薄嘴唇。康威尔姑娘说：“东说念主们可以很熟练的飞速处理这些特征。”讨论者们在伦敦英国皇家学会年度夏令博览会上展示了他们的效果，并接受闇练。他们秘要的诳骗闻名东说念主物的脸来进行试验，包括首相托尼·布莱尔，保守党首长迈克尔·霍华德妥协放民主党首长查尔斯·肯尼迪，辞别贯注指出了他们三东说念主脸部特征中默示有权势或着实赖的特征。“咱们使用电脑表率改革他们的脸型和五官特征。”“咱们但愿这有助于东说念主们领路咱们的效果。”那么，咱们是否可以期待在博览会上看到回天之力后的托尼·布莱尔，迈克尔·霍华德和查尔斯·肯尼迪赢得选民的好奇呢？康威尔姑娘说：“我想他们不会用这三个东说念主的脸作念实验。”“在电视上不会到手的。咱们都知说念他们三个东说念主长什么方法，我认为他们作念这种试验实在是太笨拙了。”holy grail: （外传耶稣死前在终末的晚餐用过，后又联贯过他的血的）圣杯（系亚瑟王的骑士追求之物），在这里用了它的延迟义，说念理是心弛神往但永恒竣事不了的指标。 facial features: 面部特征accentuating: 贯注（中国日报网站译）>另外，给群众一个贯串，喜欢翻译的一又友可以去寻找联系的著述.四十二天学会英语的模范漫笔 (作家：陈海泓) 第一天：THE NEWSPAPER 报 纸 Nowadays the newspaper possesses considerable value Everybody should read it. It supplies us with a variety of news every day. It tells us the political situation of the world. If we form the habit of reading the newspaper， we shall (will) get enough knowledge to cope with our circumstances. 现今报纸领有极大的价值，东说念主东说念主都应该看它。它每天提供咱们千般类类的讯息。它告诉咱们世界***阵势。如果咱们养成看报的民风，咱们就能得到充足的常识来因应咱们的环境。 学生天然每天须作念功课，但他们至少应该匀出一两个小时来看报。哪些，他们不但能加多常识而且也能赶上期间。要而论之，看报对学生很故意处。 ------------ 第二天：MY DAILY LIFE 我的日常生活 Though my daily life is extremely monotonous， I try hard to adapt myself to it. Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render service to my country. I get up at six o’clock every day. After I wash my face and brush my teeth， I begin to review my lessons. I go to school at seven o’clock. After school is over， I return home. We usually have supper at seven o’clock. Then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to bed. 天然我的日常生活十分单调，但我却极力设法去安妥它。为什么？因为我想象作念一个勤学生，但愿将来为国度服务。我每天六点起床、洗脸刷牙后，就初始温习功课，七点钟我就去上学。 下学后，我就回家了。咱们日常在七点钟吃晚餐，之后我就初始作念家庭功课，但愿在睡觉前把它作念完。 ------------ 第三天：A MODEL STUDENT 模范学生 Do you mind being called a bad student? Of course not. So far as I know， everybody intends to be (become) a model student. However， to be a model student is by no means an easy thing. First， he must do his best to obtain knowledge. A man without fficient knowledge will not succeed. Secondly， he must remember to improve his health. Only a strong man can do great tasks. Thirdly， he hould receive moral education. If his conduct is not good， no one will consider making friends with him. 你价意被称为坏学生吗？天然不。就我所知，每个东说念主都想象作念模范学生。 关联词，作念模范学生却隐敝易。第一，他必须致力得到常识（肆业）。一个莫得充足常识的东说念主是不会到手的。第二，他必须记取促进健康。唯独结实的东说念主才能作念大事。第三，他应该接受说念德训诲。如果他品行不好，莫得东说念主会探究和他交一又友的。 ------------ 第四天：HOW TO GET HAPPINESS 如何得到快乐 There is no doubt that happiness is the most precious thing in the world. Without it， life will be empty and meaningless. If you wish to know how to get happiness， you must pay attention to the following two points. First， health is the secret of happiness (the key to happiness). Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of life. Secondly， happiness consists in contentment. A man who is dissatisfied with his present condition is always in distress. 无疑的快乐是世界上最珍贵的东西。莫得它，东说念主生将是虚浮的而且毫无说念理的。如果你但愿知说念如何得到快乐，你须细心底下两点。健康是快乐的要诀。唯有身体结实的东说念主才能享受东说念主生的乐趣。快乐在于骄矜。一个起火于近况的东说念主终是处在不舒服之中。 ------------ 第五天：BOOKS 书本 As is well known， books teach us to learn life， truth， science and many other useful things. They increase our knowledge， broaden our minds and strengthen our character. In other words， they are our good teachers and wise friends. This is the reason why our parents always encourage us to read more books. Reading is a good thing， but we must pay great attention to the choice of books. It is true that we can derive benefits from good books. However， bad books will do us more harm than good. 如大家皆知，书本教咱们学习东说念主生，真谛，科学以偏执它许多有用的东西。它们加多咱们的常识，扩大咱们的心怀并加强咱们的品格。换句话说，它们是咱们的良师良友。这是为什么咱们的父母终是饱读舞咱们要多念书的旨趣。念书是一功德，但咱们必须多加细心书的聘用。可以，咱们能从好书中得到益处。关联词，坏书却对咱们有害有害。 ------------第六天：A TRIP TO THE COUNTRY 乡村纪行One Sunday my mother (Mother) had (made) me take my little young brother to the a trip to the country. She bade me take good care of him. While we were walking along the road， the sun was shining brightly and the breeze was blowing gently. We saw the beautiful flowers smile (smiling) at us and heard the birds sing (singing) their sweet songs on the trees. The scenery was indeed very pretty (beautiful).When we felt tired， we returned home. We saw Mother (our mother) wait (waiting) for us at the door.有一个日曜日，我母亲叫我带小弟弟去乡村游历。她嘱托我要好好料理他。当咱们沿着说念路行走的时候，太阳灿烂地映照着，微风轻轻地吹着。咱们看见秀丽的花儿对咱们浅笑着，并听见鸟儿在树上唱着顺耳的歌曲，景象实十分秀丽。当咱们嗅觉到疲惫的时候，咱们就回家了。咱们看见母样正在门口等候咱们。 ------------ 第七天：BE PATRIOTIC 要爱国It is the duty of every citizen to make the country rich and powerful (To make the country rich and strong is...). In order to accomplish this object one must be patriotic (love his country). I consider this an unchangeable truth. How can a student love his country (be patriotic)? I find my answer very simple and clear. He must study hard and store up knowledge so as to serve his (the) country in the future. If every student can do according to what I said， the country will certainly be rich and powerful.要使国度富强是每个公民的工作。为了达到此主义，必须爱国。我认为这是一条不易的定理。一个学生如何才能爱国呢？我发觉恢复很下里巴人。他必须长途念书并积储常识以便将来服务国度。如果每个学生能按照我所说的去作念，国度一定会富强。 ------------第八天：THE VALUE OF TIME 轸恤时光An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason， we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money. Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.英国有句成语说，时候即是财富。我认为这是分歧的。为什么？因为咱们群众都知说念咱们能够用工作赢利，但无论如何却无法把时候争取追忆。基于此种旨趣，咱们可以说时候比钱钱更珍贵。许多东说念主不知轸恤时光。这如实是可惜的。咱们必须记取浮滥时候等于浮滥人命。 ------------第九天：WHY SHOULD WE STUDY ENGLISH 为什么咱们要学英文If you want to ask me why we should study English， my answer will be simple and clear. Now let me enumerate the reasons one by one in the following. In the first place， English has become an international language. If you know English， you van make a trip round the world without being misunderstood. In the second place， most valuable books， newspapers and magazines are written in English. If you wish (hope) to get knowledge， you must learn English.如果你要问咱们为什么咱们要学英文。我的恢复很下里巴人。当今让我来把我的旨趣逐一列举不才面：英文已成为一种外洋语言。如果你通畅它，你可以环游世界不会被东说念主歪曲。大多数有价值的书本，报纸和杂志都是用英文写的。如果你但愿得到常识，你必须学习英文。 ------------第十天：MY BIRTHDAY 我的寿辰Yesterday was my birthday， so some of my classmates sent me presents. Mother prepared a tea party for me. I invited all of them to come and take part in it. The tea party began at half past six. There were cold drinks and refreshments. We ate， talked and laughed. We felt that we were the happiest men in the world. Time passed quickly. In a twinkling， the clock on the wall struck nine. We could not but say “Good-bye” to one another.昨天是我寿辰，是以有几位我的同班同学送我礼。母亲给我准备一个茶会。我邀请他们都前来参加。茶会下昼六点半初始。有冷饮和点心。咱们又吃又谈又笑。咱们以为是世界上最快乐的东说念主。时候过得很快。片刻间，墙上的钟敲九点了。咱们不得不互说念再会。 ------------ 第十一天：HOW TO SPEND SUNDAYS 如何消度日曜日 Some of us always spend Sundays aimlessly. We can seldom derive profits from the valuable hours (time) of Sundays. This is indeed a great pity. Though Sundays are set aside as a day for rest， we must make good use of them. We know that our school lessons are sually not sufficient. We should often utilize Sundays to read reference books. In this way we will increase our knowledge. Besides， we must be engaged in sports or outing so as to strengthen our bodies. 咱们许多东说念主终是把日曜日毫无主义地消度掉。这如实是十分可惜。咱们很少能从日曜日的珍贵时光中得到益处。天然日曜日是被指定为一个休息的日子，但是咱们却应好好诳骗它。咱们知说念咱们学校的功课日常是不够的。咱们当令常诳骗日曜日来阅读参考书。如斯咱们的常识就会加多了。此外，咱们必须从事畅通或远足以便结实咱们的身体。 ------------ 第十二天：HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY 诚为善策 There is an English proverb which says (saying) “Honesty is the best policy.” It signifies the importance of honesty. What are the benefits of honesty? If you are honest to others， they will be honest to you in return. When you are sad， they will comfort you. When you are in trouble， they will help you. There is no enumerating the evils of dishonesty here. In a word， a dishonest man will be looked down upon by others and (be) regarded as a public enemy. 英国有一句成语说“诚为善策”。它证明了诚的首要性。诚的益处是什么？如果你对他东说念主老诚，他们也会对你老诚算作酬金。当你忧悉的时候，他们会安危你。当你是处在困难中的时候，他们会匡助你。无法在这里数述不老诚的害处。要而论之，一个不老诚的东说念主会被东说念主轻蔑的而且被看算作一个公敌。 ------------第十三天：HOW EXERCISE HELPS 畅通的利益If our bodies are not strong， our spirit to do things will certainly be quite dull. And at the same time， we are lack of energy (ies) to study. Diseases will only attack the weak， but not the strong. Why are our bodies not strong? Because we do not pay attention to exercise. For this reason， we students must often take different kinds (sorts) of exercise in the gym. Exercise helps us (to) strengthen our bodies and avoid disease. It also teaches us cooperation， for most exercise is played by team.如果咱们的身体不结实，咱们作念事的精神一定会十分笨拙。而且同期，咱们也穷乏充足的元气心灵来念书。疾病只为侵击体弱的东说念主而不是结实的东说念主。为什么咱们的身体会不结实呢？因为咱们不细心畅通。基于此种旨趣，咱们学生必须时常在体育场作念不同种类的畅通。畅通匡助咱们结实身体并避免疾病。它也教咱们团结，因为大多数的畅通都是团体游玩的。 ------------第十四天：THE BENEFITS OF TRAVELING 旅行的益处I am always interested in traveling. My reasons are quite (extremely) simple and clear. If anybody is not satisfied with my viewpoint， I shall be greatly surprised at his ways of thinking. In the first place， traveling increases our knowledge. Only by traveling can we see （因为用（only）来源，主动词须倒置）things outside our home town. In the second place， traveling is good to our health. While we are traveling， we usually exercise our bodies. In conclusion， I earnestly hope that everybody must seize (grasp at) the opportunity of traveling.我对旅行终是嗅觉说念理。我的旨趣终点毛糙时了。如果任何东说念主对我的不雅点起火足的话，我将对他的想法会大大吃惊。旅行加多咱们的常识。唯独藉旅行咱们可以看到咱们故我除外的东西。旅行对咱们的健康故意。当咱们旅行的时候，咱们日常畅通咱们的身体。 ------------第十五天：HOW TO BE A GOOD CITIZEN 如何作念一个好公民My aim is to become a good citizen so as to be able to render service to the (my) country. However， to become a good citizen is not an easy thing. He has many duties to fulfill. The first duty of a good citizen is to love his country. He is to (must) be ready to sacrifice even his own life for the country. His second duty is to obey the law and help the government (to) maintain order. If everybody can do so， the country will be rich and strong (powerful).我的志向是作念一个好公民以便能给国度效能。关联词，作念一个好公民不是一件容易的事情。他有许多工作要尽。一个好公民第一件工作是爱他的国度。他须准备为国度葬送我方的人命。他第二件工作是遵命法律而况匡助政府守护次第。如果东说念主东说念主都能这么作念的话，国度必定富强。 ------------第十六天：THE NATIONAL FLAG 国旗it is the duty of every citizen to honor the national flag. Why? Because the national flag is the symbol of a (the) country. To respect it means to respect the country. In other words， if a man loves his country， he must love the national flag. In school， the national flag is usually raised at a certain time every day. Then the principal， teachers， staff and students are to (must) stand before it and sing the national anthem. It is indeed extremely meaningful to attend such a ceremony.尊敬国旗是每个公民的工作（义务）。为什么？因为国旗是国度的记号。尊敬它说念理即是尊敬国度。换句话说，如果一个东说念主爱国，他必须爱国旗。在学校里，日常每天定时要升旗。其时，校长，丰足，教职员学生教师将恭敬地站在它前边而况唱国歌。参加此项庆典如实终点有说念理。 ------------第十七天：THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION 训诲的首要性It is impossible for us to make our country rich and strong without developing education. Why? Because education gives people knowledge and teaches them how to become good citizens so as to be able to serve their country. No wonder they say that education decides the progress， prosperity and civilization of a country. At present (Nowadays) most countries in (of) the world are enforcing compulsory education. It is necessary for all kinds of people， both rich and poor， to receive education. Taiwan is an exception as well not.咱们不可能使咱们的国度富强而不发展训诲。为什么？因为训诲予以东说念主民常识并教他们如何成为好公民以便能为国度效能。难怪，有东说念主说训诲决定一个国度的高出，旺盛与文化。当今世界大多数的国度都在现实将就训诲。扫数各样东说念主民无论贫富都必须接受训诲。台湾也不例外。 ------------第十八天：INDUSTRY (DILIGENCE) 勤勉It is a matter of course that industry will bring us success， wealth and good luck. I am sure that a hard-working person can always succeed in the work which he wants to do. This is unchangeable truth. Idleness is the opposite of industry. It is the source of all evil. An idle man only enjoys playing and making pleasures. That he is doomed to failure is of no doubt. We should not follow his example.勤勉会带给咱们到手，财富和好运乃是天然之事。我笃信一个苦干的东说念主终是能够作念到手他所要作念的工作。这是不易之定理。懒惰是勤勉的反面。它是万恶之源头。一个懒惰的东说念主只享受玩耍和寻乐。他运说念注定失败是毫无疑问的。咱们不应学他的榜样。 ------------第十九天：MY NATIVE TOWN 我的故我My native town is X. We have settled down here since my grandfather was a child. In other words， my family has lived here for more than one hundred years. It is a small village. There are about one thousand inhabitants. Most of them are farmers. The mode of their living is very simple. However， they have already possessed television sets and refrigerators. They made up their minds to live a modern life.我的故我是X。咱们自从祖父是小孩时，就假寓在此地。换句话说，咱们家东说念主在此地也曾住了一百余年了。这个小村落。住户简短有一千东说念主。他们大部分是农夫。他们的生活方式很毛糙。关联词，他们已领有电视和雪柜。他们下定决心要过一个现代的生活。 ------------第二十天：MY SCHOOL LIFE 我的学校生活When I was six years old， I began to go to school. The first school (which) I attended was a primary school. There were many subjects (which were taught in the school， such as Chinese， arithmetic， history， geography， drawing and so forth. Since I was (became) a student， I studied very hard. My parents were quite proud of me. After I had studied there for three years， I entered a junior high school. When I was twelve years old， I became a student of a senior high school. I still studied very hard. Except on sick leave I was never absent from class. Everybody looked upon me as a model student.我六岁的时候，就初始上学了。我第一个上的学校是一所国小。学校里教的课目有许多，诸如国文，算术，史地，绘画等等。既然我是一个学生，我就长途念书。我父母深以我为荣。我在那处读了三年后，就进入初中。我十二岁的时候，就成为一个高中的物理学。我依旧长途念书。除病假外，我永不旷课。东说念主东说念主都把我看作是一个模范生。 ------------第二十一天：WAR 干戈Though the people in the world are all opposed to war， they can by no means avoid it. This is indeed a regrettable thing. War is very terrible. Everybody hears it with fear. In a war thousands and thousands of lives will be lost and a large amount of money (will be) wasted. It brings us untold miseries and damage. To sum up， so long as war is unavoidable， human beings cannot enjoy lasting peace. How tragical their fate is!天然世界的东说念主民都反对干戈，但是他们却无法能够避免它。这如实是件终点令东说念主缺憾的事情。干戈曲直常可怕的。每个东说念主听到它都短促。在一次干戈中，成千成万的东说念主丧失了人命，多半财富浮滥了。它带给咱们无限尽的不舒服和失掉。要而论之，只消干戈不可避免，东说念主类不可能享受持久的和平。他们的运说念是何等糟糕呀！ ------------第二十二天：COOD HEALTH 邃密的健康We all wish (hope) to be happy， so we should take good care of our health. Health is the best treasure (which) a man can possess. Money can do many things， but it cannot buy happiness. However， so long as man has good health， he can enjoy the pleasures of human life. In order to insure good health we must pay attention to three things. They are-nourishing food， fresh air and proper exercise.咱们群众都但愿快乐，是以咱们应该好好珍摄健康。一个病东说念主因为失去健康而很少快乐。健康是一个东说念主所能领有最佳的财富。钱能作念许多事情，但是它却不成购买。关联词，只消一个东说念主有邃密的健康，他就能享受东说念主生的乐趣。为了保证邃密的健康，咱们必须细心三件事情。它们是养分食品，清新空气和刚直畅通。 ------------第二十三天：MONEY 钱Everybody wishes (hopes) to get money so that he can maintain his livelihood. In other words， money is so useful that it is mpossible for mankind to live without it. For this reason， we have an interesting proverb. It says “Money can make the world go around.” In a word， money is more powerful than anything else. However， money should not be wasted. It must be used for (some) proper purposes. We young men should form the good habit of not spending money in the wrong way.每个东说念主为了能够守护生活，是以都但愿得到钱。换句话说，钱曲直常有用，是以莫得它东说念主类即无法生活。基于此种旨趣，咱们有一句说念理的成语。它说有“钱能使鬼推磨”。要而论之，钱比任何另外的东西更有劲量。关联词，钱不应该被浮滥掉。它必须用于刚直的用途上。咱们后生东说念主应该养成不乱费钱的好民风。 ------------第二十四天：THE CHINESE NEW YEAR 中国新年I like the Chinese new year better than any other festival. This is a time especially for rest and joy. I need not study. I wear good clothes and eat good food. I have a good time from morning till night. To be frank with you， I am as happy as a king. The Chinese new year lasts as long as fifteen days. It gives us more pleasure than we have imagined. After that we have to（比用must来得好）resume our normal work.我喜欢中国新年比喜欢其它任何节日更甚。这是一个专为休息和欢乐的时候。我不需要念书。我穿好一稔，吃好东西。我每天从早到晚日子过得松驰忻悦。坦直地说，我和帝一样快乐。中国新年持续十五天之久，它给咱们的欢乐比咱们想象中的更多。之后，咱们就得复原咱们正常的工作了。 ------------第二十五天：THE ZOO 动物园The zoo is the most interesting place that I have ever seen in my whole life. It is like a garden which shows (exhibits) various kinds of animals， birds and insects. It is indeed a good idea to pay a visit to the zoo during school holidays. The more you look at the animals， the happier you will become. Of (Among) all the animals， the monkey is (monkeys are) the funniest. That’s my opinion. Do you agree.动物园是我一世中所知说念的最说念理的方位。它像一个千般类类动物，鸟类以及虫豸展览的花坛。在学校休假期间，参不雅一下动物园，如实是一个好主意。你越喜欢看动物，你将越变得快乐。在扫数动物中，山公是最滑稽的。那是我的意见。你同意么？ ------------第二十六天：HOW I SPENT MY SUMMER VACATION 我如何渡过暑假No sooner had the summer vacation begun than I returned to my native town. Of course I must make good use of it; otherwise I would incur the displeasure of my parents. In the morning I reviewed my lessons and read newspapers or magazines. In the afternoon I played ball games with my friends or went fishing in the river. At night (In the night) I watched television with my family (the members of my family). hardly had the clock on the wall struck ten when I went to bed.暑假刚一初始，我就回故我了。天然我须好好诳骗它，不然我会招致父母的不快。清早我温习功课并阅读报纸或杂志。下昼我和一又友打球，或去河中垂纶。晚上我就和家东说念主望望电视。墙上的钟刚敲十下，我就去睡觉了。 ------------第二十七天：KNOWLEDGE IS POWER 常识即是力量If we have no knowledge， we cannot succeed in doing any work. Why? Because knowledge is power. With knowledge we have conquered nature and invented steamers， trains and airplanes. We can send messages by telegram. We can talk with our friends by telephone.As is well known， we students are the future masters of the nation. She (It) needs us very much. If we do not make efforts to acquire knowledge， how can we render service to her (it)?如果咱们莫得常识，咱们就不成作念到手任何事情。为什么？因为常识即是力量。凭藉常识咱们校服了大天然，而况发明了汽船，火车与飞机。咱们能用电报传递讯息。咱们能用电话和一又友讲话。如大家皆知，咱们学生都是国度异日的主东说念主翁。她终点需要咱们。如果咱们不努力去得到常识，将来如何来报効她呢？ ------------第二十八天：A LETTER TO A FRIEND 一封给友东说念主的信Dear X:We have not seen each other for a long time. I miss (think of) you very much. I wish (that) I had wings and could fly to your home. However， this is impossible! Father (My father) has gone abroad of late. If I had had time then， I would have accompanied him. Only Mother (my mother) and I are at home now (at present). We are leading (living) a quiet and happy life. We look as if we were fairies. I hope (that) I can hear from you very often.Sincerely yours.亲爱的××：咱们相互有好久莫得碰面了。我十分想我。我但愿我有双翅膀而且能够飞到你家去。关联词，这是不可能的！我父亲最近出洋了。我其时如果有时候的话，我就会陪着他去。当今家里唯独我母亲和我。咱们过着一个很宁静而快乐的生活。咱们看起来好像圣人似的。但愿我能时常接到你的信。祝你好××× 敬上 ------------第二十九天：CHOOSING FRIENDS 聘用一又友A man who is careful in choosing friends will certainly derive benefit from them. Why? Because there are more false friends than real ones in this world. To have one real friends is better than a hundred false ones. Friends who flatter you to your face are not true friends. We must make friends with those who have good character and kindness of heart. On the other hand， we should do our best to a void keeping company with bad people.一个戒备聘用一又友的东说念主一定会从他们那里得到益处。为什么？因为在这个世界里假一又友比真一又友要多。有一个真一又友要比有一百个假一又友来得好。但凡迎面逢迎你的一又友不是真一又友。咱们必须和但凡具有邃密品格和心性和缓的东说念主交一又友。反过来说，咱们应致力避免结交坏东说念主。 ------------第三十天：TO RISE EARLY 论早起I do not know the reason why some people want to get up late. They will never have the opportunity to enjoy (of enjoying) the fresh air and calmness of the morning. This is indeed a quite regrettable thing. To rise early is a good habit (which) we should cultivate. Why? Because the best time when we can pursue our studies is in the morning. In addition， early rising is also good to our health. I hope that everybody our knows the reason why we must rise early.我不知说念某些东说念主要晚起的旨趣。他们永不会有契机来享受清早的清新空气和宁静。这竟然一件 发令东说念主缺憾的事情。早起是咱们应该养成的一种邃密民风。为什么？因为清早是咱们从事学业的大好时候。再者，早起对咱们健康也故意处。我但愿每个东说念主应该知说念咱们必须早起的旨趣。 ------------第三十一天：THRIFT 检朴There is not a (no) thrifty man but becomes a rich man sooner or later. Why? Because he will not spend such money as is unnecessary. Little by little his money will accumulate. Ten to one， he is bound to make a fortune. I do not like such men as spend their money in a wrong way. They do not know extravagance is a bad thing. It can only make them happy for the time being. In short， thrift makes poor men rich and extravagance makes rich men poor.莫得一个检朴的东说念主朝夕不成为一个财主。为什么？因为他决不花像那种不必要的钱。缓缓他的钱就会荟萃起来。十之***，他一定会发家的。我不喜欢那种乱费钱的东说念主。他们不知说念浪掷是一件赖事。它只可够使他们暂时快乐汉典。要而论之，检朴使穷东说念主变富，浪掷使富东说念主变穷。 ------------第三十二天：PERSEVERANCE 毅力／矍铄Needless to say， nothing but perseverance can lead a man to the way of success. In other words， a persevering man never does his work without succeeding in it. This is indeed unchangeable truth. Our National Father， Dr. Sun Yat-Sen， is the most ideal example. He was devoted to the revolution about forty years. He met with many failures， but he was anything but discouraged. As a result， he won. The Republic of China was born.不需说，唯独毅力才能疏浚东说念主迈向到手之途。换句话说，一个具有毅力的东说念主作念工作终是(never...without)会把它作念到手的。这竟然不易之定理也。咱们国父孙中山先生是一个最逸想的例了.接力于国民更动凡四十年。他遭受到许屡次的失败，但是他决不恼恨。扫尾，他赢了。中华民国配置了。 ------------第三十三天：MY MOTHER 我母亲My mother is a woman of the old school. She is too conservative to keep up with the times. However， she is good-natured and treats others incerely. For this reason， all her neighbors are only too glad (pleased) to make friends with her. They consider her a model woman. She is a typical housewife. She keeps the (her) house neat and clean and looks after us with extreme care . She often says to us， “You cannot study too ard.”我母亲是中国旧式女子。她太保守无法跟上期间。关联词，她性情和缓，待东说念主真挚。基于此种旨趣，扫数她的邻居都十分欢娱和她结交一又友。他们认为她是模范女子。她是一位表率的家庭主妇。她把家保持整洁。她戒备翼翼地照顾咱们。她时常对咱们说：“你们越长途越好”。 ------------第三十四天：WHERE THERE IS A WILL， THERE IS A WAY 有志者事竟成The secret of success (The key to success) is not so much money as a strong will. A great man is one who has a strong will and an indomitable spirit. In other words， if a man does not have a strong will to win (get) the final victory， he will never succeed in his life. He is no more than a failure. It is quite obvious that there is no difficult thing (nothing difficult) in the world. if you make up your mind to do it， you will certainly accomplish your end. That stands to reason.到手的要诀不是财富而是一个毅力的意志（用not so mush... as）。一个大东说念主物是一个具有毅力意志和不屈不挠精神的东说念主。换句话说，如果一个东说念主莫得毅力意志去得到终末到手的东说念主，他终其一世永恒不会到手。他只不外是（用no more than）一个失败者。很昭彰的世界上并莫得难事。如果你下定决心去作念它，你一定会达到主义。那是无庸赘述的。 ------------第三十五天：DUTIES OF A STUDENT 学生的工作Education is the very thing that we want to receive. Our parents send us to school so as to enable us to get (obtain) knowledge and achieve great things in the future. The following are the duties of a student (which) we should keep in mind. In the first place， we should be filial to our parents and respectful to our teacher. In the second place， we have to (must )study as hard as we can. In the third place， we must not tell lies. Last of all， we must not criticize others. To sum up， the above-mentioned rules are the very duties of a student.训诲即是咱们要接受的东西。咱们父母送咱们上学以便能使东说念主们得到常识与将来成大事。底下是咱们应该记取的学生的工作。咱们支吾父母要孝敬，对丰足要尊敬。咱们要尽可能的长途念书。咱们切不可说谎。终末，咱们不要品评别东说念主。要而论之，上头所说的规矩即是咱们应尽的工作。 ------------第三十六天：TO BE PATIENT 要哑忍When someone disagrees with you or offends you， don’t lose your temper. Why? Because it is of no use to do so. You ought to (should) be patient and keep calm lest you should quarrel with him. You must know that patience is not cowardice， but a virtue. I hope that everybody practices it. In addition， patience will also bring us success. When you meet with difficulties in your work， it is no use losing heart. You must keep on fighting until (till) the final victory belongs to you.当有东说念主和你意见不同或开罪你的时候，你切不可发本性。为什么？因为这么作念是无须的（用of no use）。你应当哑忍而况保持冷静，唯恐和他争吵。你必应知说念哑忍不是弱而是一种良习。我但愿东说念主东说念主都实行它。另外，哑忍也会带给咱们到手。当你在工作中遭受到困难的时候，恼恨是无须的。你必须不竭作战直到终末到手属于你为止。 ------------第三十七天：SANITARY WAYS IN SUMMER 夏天的卫生方法Not only is summer a hot season but also diseases are apt to happen. To us it is neither comfortable nor safe. If we do not wish to get sick， we must pay attention to the following sanitary ways in summer. Both fresh air and clean food are indispensable to us.We must try our best to get (obtain) them. We should take at least one bath every day. Don’t wear dirty clothes. In conclusion， if we can carry out the above – mentioned rules， we will neither get (take/fall) sick nor suffer pain.夏天不仅是个热暑的季节，而且疾病也容易发生。它对咱们既不称心也不安全。咱们但愿不生病，就得细心底下那些夏天卫生的方法。清新空气和干净的食品两者对咱们是不可穷乏的。咱们必须尽全力去得到它们。咱们每天至少应当洗一个澡。不要穿脏一稔。要而论之，如果咱们能实行上头所说的那些规矩，咱们既不会生病也不会受罪。 ------------第三十八天：WORK WHILE YOU WORK， PLAY WHILE YOU PLAY 工作时工作，游玩时游玩Both work and play are necessary to us; the former gives us knowledge while the latter (gives) rest. An English proverb is well said: “Work while you work play while you play.” It makes our life pleasant， efficient and successful. Work is one thing and play is another. It is of course not good to work all day long. However， it is also not good to play all day long. While you work， you should work in earnest. Then while you play， you will feel more relaxed and pleasant. That goes without saying.工作和游玩两者对咱们都是必须的，前者给咱们常识，后者给咱们休息。英谚说得好“工作时工作，游玩时游玩”。它使咱们的生活忻悦，灵验率以及到手。工作是一趟事，游玩又是另一趟事。整日工作天然不好。关联词，整天游玩亦然不好。当你工作时，你应负责工作。那末当你游玩时，你会以为比较松驰忻悦。那是不需说的。 ------------第三十九天：MY FAVORITE PASTIME 我可爱的消遣It goes without saying that work without rest will do harm to health. In other words， we had better take sufficient recreation to relax after work. There is no doubt that there are a number of amusements， such as playing ball games， collecting stamps， fishing， gardening， skating and so on. As for (to) me， I take great delight in gardening. Whenever I am at leisure， I am accustomed to growing flowers. I regard them as my most agreeable companion.不需说，工作而不停息会对健康有害的。换句话说，咱们最佳工作后，从事分的消遣来松驰一下。无疑的，消遣的种类许多，诸如打球，集邮，垂纶，园艺，滑冰等等。就我而言，我大大喜欢园艺。每当我有自在的时候，我民风于种花。我把它们看作是我最扬扬得意的伴侣。 ------------第四十天：FACTORS OF SUCCESS 到手要素I would rather suffer hardships than fail. In other words， to achieve success is my only desire. We all know that there are many factors of success. Now let me write down the most important ones in the following. Diligence—Foolish as a person is， he can succeed in his work if he works hard. That does not admit of any doubt. Perseverance—When you fail， don’t lose heart. Keep on working until you accomplish your aim. Honesty—If you tell lies or does not keep your words， no one will rely on you. I would rather be scolded than cheat (others).我容或受灾荒不肯失败。换句话说，获致到手是我独一的愿望。咱们群众知说念到手要素许多。当今让咱们把它们最首要的写不才面。勤勉――一个东说念主天然不大贤惠，但是他地能作念成他的工作，如果他苦干的话。那是隐敝置疑的。毅力――当你失败的时候，不要恼恨。要不竭工作，直到你达到主义为止。老诚――如果你说谎或不守信，莫得东说念主会信托你。我容或挨骂不肯诳骗东说念主。 ------------第四十一天：MY AIM 我的志向Whatever a man’s status is (may be)， he must have an aim. If not， he can hardly stand on his own two feet in the world. That stands to reason. However important fame and wealth may be， we must not let them become our object in life. We should aim at doing something useful to the society. If my aim can come true， I hope (wish) to be a teacher. However， teaching is by no means an easy thing. I must apply myself closely to my studies so as to be able to cope with my duties (as a teacher).无论东说念主是什么身份，他必须有一个志向。如果莫得的话，他很难驻足于世上。那是无庸赘述的。无论名利如何首要，咱们切不可让它们成为咱们生活之指标。咱们应当志在作念一些对社会故意的事情。如果我的志向能竣事的话，我就但愿成为一个丰足。关联词，教书并不是一容易的事情。我必须专心学业以便能应因我的职责。 ------------第四十二天：OUR NATIONAL FATHER 我的国父There is no doubt that Dr. Sun Yat-Sen is the greatest man that I ever known in my whole life. He set up the Republic of China， so we call him our National Father. He was devoted to the revolution about forty years. His aim was to liberate China from the hands of the Manchu Dynasty. He had not met with result， but he was not discouraged at all. As a result， he accomplished his end in the long run.To sum up， his strong will and indomitable spirit are worth our worship and imitation (are worth our worshiping and imitating).无疑的，中山先生是我一世知说念的最大的东说念主物。他建造中民国，是以我他为我的国父。他接力于更动凡四十年。他的主义是清朝手里解放中国。他曾遭受屡次的失败，但他却少量也不恼恨。那是不需说的。扫尾，他终于达到主义。要而论之，他毅力的意志和不屈不挠的精神（是）值得咱们的真贵和仿效。成人网游